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Essential Fish Habitat
Fundamental Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S i9000. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Employing regulations clarified that seas include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate contains the associated biological areas that make these areas suited to fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used anytime during the species' life routine.|2| EFH involves all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH making use of the best available scientific info. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed variety to date.|4| The primary purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non sport fishing impacts on EFH to the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and describe EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or actions may adversely affect environment identified by federal regional fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On 12 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. 62, No . 244) which designate procedures for implementation in the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These rules were amended by simply publication of final rules on January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management program (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Influences from certain fishing methods and coastal and marine development and may alter, harm, or destroy habitats important for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal agencies work together to minimize these risks.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable impacts on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, seaside developments and non-point and point source pollution, and also, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed types. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, minimize to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify additional actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions on the habitat of federally handled commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, permit, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH have to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an analysis of all actions or recommended actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These types of Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if some of these recommendations have not been implemented.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of sport fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to the state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Higher Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Regional Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State agencies and private landowners are not instructed to consult with NMFS. EFH discussions are required if the federal government possesses authorized, funded, or carried out part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely impact EFH.|24| Detrimentally affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, chemical substance or biological alterations with the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to species and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction on the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
An environment areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high top priority areas for conservation, management, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet at least one of the following four criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a habitat type that is/will be stressed by development;
incorporate a habitat type that is uncommon.|27|
Current HAPCs contain important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, among other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory coverage as EFH and do not don't include activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Fundamental Fish Habitat is designated for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Vital Habitat is designated intended for the survival and recovery of species listed since threatened or endangered underneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical habitats include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered kinds that include physical and organic features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical at the time a species is listed within the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat differ in terms of designation and regulation, but they may overlap for certain species such as salmon.|32|
An environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures root the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These habitats are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental natural environment structure begins with yeast sediment. Erosion is stabilized by simply submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and very soft.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in relation to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges after they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of juvenile brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom supplies hard complex vertical framework for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, various fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they might be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft lower part in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved air and flow.
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